Selenium Java - IT Service Company

1) What is Selenium Webdriver?

Selenium WebDriver is a browser automation framework that accepts commands and sends them to a browser. It is implemented through a browser-specific driver. It directly communicates with the browser and controls it. Selenium WebDriver supports various programming languages like – Java, C#, PHP, Python, Perl, Ruby. and Javascript.

2) What is Selenium Grid and when do we go for it?

Selenium Grid is used to run tests on different machines against different browsers in parallel. We use Selenium Grid in the following scenarios:

– Execute your test on different operating systems

Execute your tests on different versions of same browser
Execute your tests on multiple browsers
Execute your tests in parallel and multiple threads

3) What are the advantages of Selenium Grid?

Below are the benefits of Selenium Grid:

– Selenium Grid gives the flexibility to distribute your test cases for execution.

Reduces batch processing time.
Can perform multi-browser testing.
Can perform multi-OS testing.

4) What is a Hub in Selenium Grid?

Hub is the central point to the entire GRID Architecture which receives all requests. There is only one hub in the selenium grid. Hub distributes the test cases across each node.

5) What is a Node in Selenium Grid?

– Node is a remote device that consists of a native OS and a remote WebDriver. It receives requests from the hub in the form of JSON test commands and executes them using WebDriver.

– There can be one or more nodes in a grid.

– Nodes can be launched on multiple machines with different platforms and browsers.

– The machines running the nodes need not be the same platform as that of the hub.

6) What are the types of WebDriver API’s that are supported/available in Selenium?

Selenium Webdriver supports most of the browser driver APIs like Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari and PhantomJS

7) Which WebDriver implementation claims to be the fastest?

HTML UnitDriver is the most light weight and fastest implementation headless browser for of WebDriver. It is based on HtmlUnit. It is known as Headless Browser Driver. It is same as Chrome, IE, or FireFox driver, but it does not have GUI so one cannot see the test execution on screen.

8) What are the open source frameworks supported by Selenium WebDriver?

Some of the popular open source frameworks supported by Webdriver are:

TestNG
JUnit
Cucumber
Robot Framework
Appium
Protractor

9) What is the difference between Soft Assert and Hard Assert in Selenium?

Hard Assert throws an AssertException immediately when an assert statement fails and test suite continues with next @Test. It marks method as fail if assert condition gets failed and the remaining statements inside the method will be aborted.

Soft Assert collects errors during @Test. Soft Assert does not throw an exception when an assert fails and would continue with the next step after the assert statement.

10) What are the verification points available in Selenium?

Different types of verification points in Selenium are:

To check element is present

if(driver.findElements(By.Xpath(“value”)).size()!=0){

System.out.println(“Element is present”);

}else{

System.out.println(“Element is absent”);

}

To check element is visible

if(driver.findElement(By.Id(“submit”)).isDisplayed()){

System.out.println(“Element is visible”);

}else{

System.out.println(“Element is visible”);

}

To check element is enabled

if(driver.findElement(By.Id(“submit”)).isEnabled()){

System.out.println(“Element is enabled”);

}else{

System.out.println(“Element is disabled”);

}

To check text is present

if(driver.getPageSource().contains(“Text”)){

System.out.println(“Text is present”);

}else{

System.out.println(“Text is not present”);

}

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11) Why do we create a reference variable ‘driver’ of type WebDriver and what is the purpose of its creation?

We create an instance of the WebDriver interface and cast it to different browser class using the reference variable ‘driver’. Then we can use different methods of the web driver interface like get(), getTitle(), close(), etc…to write automation code.

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12) What are the different types of exceptions you have faced in Selenium WebDriver?

Different types of exceptions in Selenium are:

– NoSuchElementException

NoSuchWindowException
NoSuchFrameException
NoAlertPresentException
ElementNotVisibleException
ElementNotSelectableException
TimeoutException

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13) How to login into any site if it is showing an authentication pop-up for Username and Password?

To work with Basic Authentication pop-up (which is a browser dialogue window), you just need to send the user name and password along with the application URL.

Syntax:

driver.get(“http://admin:[email protected]“);

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14) What is implicit wait in Selenium WebDriver?

The implicit wait will tell the WebDriver to wait a certain amount of time before it throws a “No Such Element Exception.” The default setting of implicit wait is zero. Once you set the time, the web driver will wait for that particular amount of time before throwing an exception.

Syntax:

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

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15) What is Explicit Wait in Selenium WebDriver?

Explicit waits are a concept from the dynamic wait, which waits dynamically for specific conditions. It can be implemented by the WebDriverWait class.

Syntax:

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 10);

WebElement element = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.id(“button”)));

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16) What is Fluent Wait in Selenium WebDriver?

Each FluentWait instance defines the maximum amount of time to wait for a condition, as well as the frequency with which to check the condition. Furthermore, the user may configure the wait to ignore specific types of exceptions whilst waiting, such as NoSuchElementExceptions when searching for an element on the page.

Syntax:

Wait<WebDriver> wait1 = new FluentWait<>(driver)

.withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30))

.pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(5))

.ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);

WebElement element = wait1.until(new Function<WebDriver, WebElement>() {

@Override

public WebElement apply(WebDriver driver) {

return driver.findElement(By.id(“firstName”));

}

});

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17) How to input text into the text box fields without calling the sendKeys()?

We can use Javascript action to enter the value in text box.

Syntax:

JavascriptExecutor executor = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;

executor.executeScript(“document.getElementById(“textbox_id”).value=’new value’”);

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18) How to clear the text inside the text box fields using Selenium WebDriver?

Syntax:

driver.findElement(By.Id(“textbox_id”)).clear();

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19) How to get an attribute value of an element using Selenium WebDriver?

driver.findElement(By.Id(“button_id”)).getAttribute(“text”);

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20) How to press Enter key on text box in Selenium WebDriver?

driver.findElement(By.Id(“button_id”)).sendKeys(keys.ENTER);

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21) How to pause a test execution for 5 seconds at a specific point?

We can pause test execution for 5 seconds by using the wait command.

Syntax:

driver.wait(5);

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22) Is Selenium Server needed to run Selenium WebDriver scripts?

In case of Selenium WebDriver, it does not require to start Selenium Server for executing test scripts. Selenium WebDriver makes the calls between browser & automation script.

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23) What happens if we run this command driver.get(“www.google.com”);?

It will load a new web page in the current browser window with the website url set to “www.google.com” . This is done using an http get operation, and the method will block until the load is complete.

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24) What is an alternative to driver.get() method to open a URL using Selenium WebDriver?

We can use driver.navigate().To(“URL”) method to open a URL.

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25) What is the difference between driver.get(“URL”) and driver.navigate().to(“URL”) commands?

driver.get() is used to navigate particular URL(website) and wait till page load.

driver.navigate() is used to navigate to particular URL and does not wait to page load. It maintains browser history or cookies to navigate back or forward.

6) What are the different types of navigation commands in Selenium?

Different navigation commands in selenium are:

– navigate().to();

navigate().forward();
navigate().back();
navigate().refresh();

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27) How to fetch the current page URL in Selenium WebDriver?

We can use the getCurrentUrl() method to get the current page URL.

driver.getCurrentUrl();

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28) How can we maximize browser window in Selenium WebDriver?

We can use the maximize() method to maximize browser window.

driver.manage().window().maximize();

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29) How to delete cookies in Selenium?

We can use deleteAllCookies() method to delete cookies in selenium.

driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

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30) What are the different ways for refreshing the page using Selenium WebDriver?

Browser refresh operation can be performed using the following ways in Selenium:

– Refresh method

driver.manage().refresh();

– Get method

driver.get(“https://www.google.com”);

driver.get(driver.getCurrentUrl());

Navigate method

driver.get(“https://www.google.com”);

driver.navigate.to(driver.getCurrentUrl());

SendKeys method

driver. findElement(By.id(“username”)).sendKeys(Keys.F5);

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31) What is the difference between driver.getWindowHandle() and driver.getWinowHandles() in Selenium WebDriver and their return type?

driver.getWindowHandle() – To get the window handle of the current window. Returns a string of alphanumeric window handle

driver.getWinowHandles() – To get the window handle of all current windows. Return a set of window handles

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32) How to handle hidden elements in Selenium WebDriver?

We can use the JavaScriptExecutor to handle hidden elements.

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;

js.executeScript(“document.getElementById(‘displayed-text’).value=’text123′”);

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33) How can you find broken links in a page using Selenium WebDriver?

List<WebElement> elements = driver.findElements(By.tagName(“a”));

List finalList = new ArrayList();

for (WebElement element : elementList){

if(element.getAttribute(“href”) != null){

finalList.add(element);

}

return finalList;

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34) How to find more than one web element in the list?

We can find more than one web element by using the findElements() method in Selenium.

List<WebElement> elements = driver.findElements(By.tagName(“a”));

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35) How to read a JavaScript variable in Selenium WebDriver?

//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;

//Perform Click on LOGIN button using JavascriptExecutor

js.executeScript(“arguments[0].click();”, button);

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36) What is JavascriptExecutor and in which case JavascriptExecutor will help in Selenium automation?

JavaScriptExecutor is an Interface that helps to execute JavaScript through Selenium Webdriver.

In case, when selenium locators do not work you can use JavaScriptExecutor. You can use JavaScriptExecutor to perform a desired operation on a web element.

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37) How to handle Ajax calls in Selenium WebDriver?

The best approach would be to wait for the required element in a dynamic period and then continue the test execution as soon as the element is found/visible. This can be achieved with WebDriverWait in combination with ExpectedCondition , the best way to wait for an element dynamically, checking for the condition every second and continuing to the next command in the script as soon as the condition is met.

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, waitTime);

wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(locator));

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38) List some scenarios which we cannot automate using Selenium WebDriver?

Bitmap comparison is not possible using Selenium WebDriver.
Automating Captcha is not possible using Selenium WebDriver.
We can not read bar code using Selenium WebDriver.
We can not automate OTP submission.

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39) How you build object repository in your project framework?

We can build object repository using Page Object Model or Page Factory.

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40) What is Page Object Model (POM) and its advantages?

Page Object Model is a design pattern for creating an object repository for web UI elements. Each web page in the application is required to have its own corresponding page class. The page class is thus responsible for finding the WebElements in that page and then perform operations on those web elements.

The advantages of using POM are:

Allow us to separate operations and flows in the UI from verification – improves code readability
Since the Object Repository is independent of test cases, multiple tests can use the same object repository
Reusability of code

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41) What is Page Factory?

Page Factory class in Selenium is an extension to the Page Object Design pattern. It is used to initialize the elements of the page object or instantiate the page objects itself.

Annotations in Page Factory are like this:

@FindBy(id = “userName”)

WebElement txt_UserName;

@FindBy(how = How.ID, using = “userName”)

WebElement txt_UserName;

We need to initialize the page object like this:

PageFactory.initElements(driver, Login.class);

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42) What is the difference between Page Object Model and Page Factory?

Page Object Model is a design pattern to create an Object Repository for web UI elements. However, Page Factory is a built-in class in Selenium for maintaining object repository.

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43) What are the advantages of Page Object Model?

The advantages of using Page Object Model are:

Allow us to separate operations and flows in the UI from verification – improves code readability
Since the Object Repository is independent of test cases, multiple tests can use the same object repository
Re-usability of code

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44) How can we use Recovery Scenario in Selenium WebDriver?

We can develop Recovery scenarios using exception handling i.e. By using “Try Catch Block” within your Selenium WebDriver Java tests

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45) How to upload a file in Selenium WebDriver?

Uploading files in WebDriver is done by simply using the sendKeys() method on the file-select input field to enter the path to the file to be uploaded.

driver.get(baseUrl);

WebElement uploadElement = driver.findElement(By.id(“uploadfile_0”));

// enter the file path onto the file-selection input field

uploadElement.sendKeys(“C:\\newhtml.html”);

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46) How to download a file in Selenium WebDriver?

Step 1- Create a firefox Profile.

Step 2- set Preferences as per requirement.

Step 3- Open Firefox with firefox profile.

public class DownloadFiles {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create a profile FirefoxProfile profile=new FirefoxProfile();

// Set preferences for file type profile.setPreference(“browser.helperApps.neverAsk.openFile”, “application/octet-stream”);

// Open browser with profile

WebDriver driver=new FirefoxDriver(profile);

// Set implicit wait driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

// Maximize window driver.manage().window().maximize();

// Open APP to download application driver.get(“http://www.file.com/download_file”);

// Click on download driver.findElement(By.xpath(“path”)).click();

}

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47) How to run Selenium WebDriver tests from command line?

java -jar selenium-server.jar -htmlSuite “*firefox” “http://10.8.100.106” “C:\mytestsuite\mytestsuite.html” “C:\mytestsuite\results.html”

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48) How to switch to frames in Selenium WebDriver?

For switching between frames, use driver.switchTo().frame(). First locate the frame id and define it in a WebElement.

Ex:

WebElement fr = driver.findElementById(“theIframe”);

driver.switchTo().frame(fr);

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49) How to connect to a database in Selenium?

Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(dbUrl,username,password);

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50) How to resize browser window using Selenium WebDriver?

driver.manage().window().maximize();

51) How to scroll web page up and down using Selenium WebDriver?

To scroll using Selenium, you can use JavaScriptExecutor interface that helps to execute JavaScript methods through Selenium Webdriver.

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;

//This will scroll the page till the element is found

js.executeScript(“arguments[0].scrollIntoView();”, Element);

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52) How to perform right click (Context Click) action in Selenium WebDriver?

We can use Action class to provide various important methods to simulate user actions

//Instantiate Action Class

Actions actions = new Actions(driver);

//Retrieve WebElement to perform right click

WebElement btnElement = driver.findElement(By.id(“rightClickBtn”));

//Right Click the button to display Context Menu

actions.contextClick(btnElement).perform();

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53) How to perform double click action in Selenium WebDriver?

Action class method doubleClick(WebElement) is required to be used to perform this user action.

//Instantiate Action Class

Actions actions = new Actions(driver);

//Retrieve WebElement to perform double click WebElement

btnElement = driver.findElement(By.id(“doubleClickBtn”));

//Double Click the button

actions.doubleClick(btnElement).perform();

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54) How to perform drag and drop action in Selenium WebDriver?

//Actions class method to drag and drop

Actions builder = new Actions(driver);

WebElement from = driver.findElement(By.id(“draggable”));

WebElement to = driver.findElement(By.id(“droppable”));

//Perform drag and drop

builder.dragAndDrop(from, to).perform();

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55) How to highlight elements using Selenium WebDriver?

// Create the JavascriptExecutor object

JavascriptExecutor js=(JavascriptExecutor)driver;

// find element using id attribute

WebElement username= driver.findElement(By.id(“email”));

// call the executeScript method

js.executeScript(“arguments[0].setAttribute(‘style,’border: solid 2px red”);”, username);

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56) Have you used any cross browser testing tool to run Selenium Scripts on cloud?

Below tools can be used to run selenium scripts on cloud:

SauceLabs
CrossBrowserTesting

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57) What are the DesiredCapabitlies in Selenium WebDriver and their use?

The Desired Capabilities Class helps us to tell the webdriver, which environment we are going to use in our test script.

The setCapability method of the DesiredCapabilities Class, can be used in Selenium Grid. It is used to perform a parallel execution on different machine configurations. It is used to set the browser properties (Ex. Chrome, IE), Platform Name (Ex. Linux, Windows) that are used while executing the test cases.

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58) What is Continuous Integration?

Continuous Integration (CI) is a development practice that requires developers to integrate code into a shared repository several times a day. Each check-in is then verified by an automated build, allowing teams to detect problems early.

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59) How to achieve database testing in Selenium?

//Make a connection to the database

Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(dbUrl,username,password);

//load the JDBC Driver using the code

Class.forName(“com.mysql.jdbc.Driver”);

//send queries to the database

Statement stmt = con.createStatement();

//Once the statement object is created use the executeQuery method to execute the SQL queries

stmt.executeQuery(select * from employee;);

//Results from the executed query are stored in the ResultSet Object. While loop to iterate through all data

while(rs.next()){

String myName = rs.getString(1);

}

//close the db connection

con.close();

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60) What is TestNG?

TestNG is a testing framework inspired from JUnit and NUnit, but introducing some new functionalities that make it more powerful and easier to use. TestNG is an open source automated testing framework; where NG means NextGeneration.

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61) What are Annotations and what are the different annotations available in TestNG?

Annotations in TestNG are lines of code that can control how the method below them will be executed. They are always preceded by the @ symbol.

Here is the list of annotations that TestNG supports −

@BeforeSuite: The annotated method will be run only once before all tests in this suite have run.
@AfterSuite: The annotated method will be run only once after all tests in this suite have run.
@BeforeClass: The annotated method will be run only once before the first test method in the current class is invoked.
@AfterClass: The annotated method will be run only once after all the test methods in the current class have run.
@BeforeTest: The annotated method will be run before any test method belonging to the classes inside the <test> tag is run.
@AfterTest: The annotated method will be run after all the test methods belonging to the classes inside the <test> tag have run.
@BeforeGroups: The list of groups that this configuration method will run before. This method is guaranteed to run shortly before the first test method that belongs to any of these groups is invoked.
@AfterGroups: The list of groups that this configuration method will run after. This method is guaranteed to run shortly after the last test method that belongs to any of these groups is invoked.
@BeforeMethod: The annotated method will be run before each test method.
@AfterMethod: The annotated method will be run after each test method.
@DataProvider: Marks a method as supplying data for a test method. The annotated method must return an Object[ ][ ], where each Objectcan be assigned the parameter list of the test method. The @Test method that wants to receive data from this DataProvider needs to use a dataProvider name equals to the name of this annotation.
@Factory: Marks a method as a factory that returns objects that will be used by TestNG as Test classes. The method must return Object[ ].
@Listeners: Defines listeners on a test class.
@Parameters: Describes how to pass parameters to a @Test method.
@Test: Marks a class or a method as a part of the test

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62) What is TestNG Assert and list out some common assertions supported by TestNG?

Asserts helps us to verify the conditions of the test and decide whether test has failed or passed. A test is considered successful ONLY if it is completed without throwing any exception.

Some of the common assertions are:

assertEqual
assertTrue
assertFalse

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63) How to create and run TestNG.xml?

Step 1: Add a new file to the project with name as testng.xml

Step 2: Add below given code in testng.xml

<class name=“TestClass” />

</classes>

</test>

</suite>

Step 3: Run the test by right click on the testng xml file and select Run As > TestNG Suite

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64) How to set test case priority in TestNG?

We need to use the ‘priority‘ parameter, if we want the methods to be executed in specific order. TestNG will execute the @Test annotation with the lowest priority value up to the largest.

@Test(priority = 0)

public void One() {

System.out.println(“This is the Test Case number One”);

}

@Test(priority = 1)

public void Two() {

System.out.println(“This is the Test Case number Two”);

}

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65) What is parameterized testing in TestNG?

To pass multiple data to the application at runtime, we need to parameterize our test scripts.

There are two ways by which we can achieve parameterization in TestNG:

With the help of Parameters annotation and TestNG XML file.

@Parameters({“name”,”searchKey”})

With the help of DataProvider annotation.

@DataProvider(name=“SearchProvider”)

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66) How to run a group of test cases using TestNG?

Groups is one more annotation of TestNG which can be used in the execution of multiple tests.

public class Grouping{

@Test (groups = { “g1” })

public void test1() {

System.out.println(“This is group 1”);

}

@Test (groups = { “g2” })

public void test2() {

System.out.println(“This is group 2“);

}}

Create a testing xml file like this:

<run>

</run>

</groups>

<class name=“Grouping”>

</classes>

</test>

</suite>

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67) What is the use of @Listener annotation in TestNG?

Listener is defined as interface that modifies the default TestNG’s behaviour. As the name suggests Listeners “listen” to the event defined in the selenium script and behave accordingly. It is used in selenium by implementing Listeners Interface. It allows customizing TestNG reports or logs. There are many types of TestNG listeners available:

IAnnotationTransformer
IAnnotationTransformer2
IConfigurable
IConfigurationListener
IExecutionListener
IHookable
IInvokedMethodListener
IInvokedMethodListener2
IMethodInterceptor
IReporter
ISuiteListener
ITestListener

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68) How can we create a data driven framework using TestNG?

We can create data driven tests by using the DataProvider feature.

public class DataProviderTest {

private static WebDriver driver;

@DataProvider(name = “Authentication”)

public static Object[][] credentials() {

return new Object[][] { { “testuser_1”, “Test@123” }, { “testuser_2”, “Test@123” }};

}

// Here we are calling the Data Provider object with its Name

@Test(dataProvider = “Authentication”)

public void test(String sUsername, String sPassword) {

driver = new FirefoxDriver(); driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

driver.get(“http://www.testqa.com“);

driver.findElement(By.xpath(“.//*[@id=’account’]/a”)).click();

driver.findElement(By.id(“log”)).sendKeys(sUsername);

driver.findElement(By.id(“pwd”)).sendKeys(sPassword);

driver.findElement(By.id(“login”)).click();

driver.findElement(By.xpath(“.//*[@id=’account_logout’]/a”)).click();

driver.quit();

}

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69) Where you have applied OOPS in Automation Framework?

Abstraction – In Page Object Model design pattern, we write locators (such as id, name, xpath etc.,) in a Page Class. We utilize these locators in tests but we can’t see these locators in the tests. Literally we hide the locators from the tests.

Interface – WebDriver itself is an Interface. So based on the above statement WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); we are initializing Firefox browser using Selenium WebDriver. It means we are creating a reference variable (driver) of the interface (WebDriver) and creating an Object.

Inheritance – We create a Base Class in the Framework to initialize WebDriver interface, WebDriver waits, Property files, Excels, etc. We extend the Base Class in other classes such as Tests and Utility Class. Extending one class into other class is known as Inheritance.

Polymorphism – We use implicit wait in Selenium. Implicit wait is an example of overloading. In Implicit wait we use different time stamps such as SECONDS, MINUTES, HOURS etc.

Encapsulation – All the classes in a framework are an example of Encapsulation. In POM classes, we declare the data members using @FindBy and initialization of data members will be done using Constructor to utilize those in methods.

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70) How to handle Chrome Browser notifications in Selenium?

// Create object of HashMap Class

Map<String, Object> prefs = new HashMap<String, Object>();

// Set the notification setting it will override the default setting

prefs.put(“profile.default_content_setting_values.notifications”, 2);

// Create object of ChromeOption class

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();

// Set the experimental option

options.setExperimentalOption(“prefs”, prefs);

// pass the options object in Chrome driver

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

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71) Explain any Test Automation Framework?

Testing frameworks are an essential part of any successful automated testing process. They can reduce maintenance costs and testing efforts and will provide a higher return on investment (ROI) for QA teams looking to optimize their agile processes. A testing framework is a set of guidelines or rules used for creating and designing test cases. A framework is comprised of a combination of practices and tools that are designed to help QA professionals test more efficiently. These guidelines could include coding standards, test-data handling methods, object repositories, processes for storing test results, or information on how to access external resources.

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72) Tell some popular Test Automation Frameworks?

Some of the popular test automation frameworks are:

DataDriven
KeywordDriven
Hybrid
Page Object Model

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73) Why Framework?

Below are advantages of using an automation framework:

Ease of scripting: With multiple Testers in a team, having an automation framework in place ensures consistent coding and that best practices are followed to a certain level. Standard scripting will result in team consistency during test library design and prevent individuals from following their own coding standards, thus avoiding duplicate coding.
Scalable: Whether multiple web pages are being added or Objects or data, a good automation framework design is scalable when the need arises. A framework should be much easier to extend to larger projects.
Modularity: Modularity allows testers to re-use common modules in different scripts to avoid unnecessary & redundant tasks.
Easy to understand: Having an automation framework in place it is quick to transition (or understand) the overall architecture & bring people up-to-speed.
Reusability: Common library files can be reused when required, no need to develop them every time.
Cost & Maintenance: A well designed automation framework helps in maintaining the code in light of common changes like Test data, Page Objects, Reporting structure, etc.
Maximum Coverage: A framework allows us to maintain a good range of Test data, i.e. coverage in turn.
Better error handling: A good automation framework helps us catch different recovery scenarios and handle them properly.
Minimal manual intervention: You need not input test data or run test scripts manually and then keep monitoring the execution.
Easy Reporting: The reporting module within framework can handle all the report requirements.
Segregation: A framework helps segregate the test script logic and the corresponding test data. The Test data can be stored into an external database like property files, xml files, excel files, text files, CSV files, ODBC repositories etc.
Test configuration: Test suites covering different application modules can be configured easily using an automation framework.
Continuous integration: An automation framework helps in integration of automation code with different CI tools.
Debugging: Easy to debug errors

For more clarity, check this video – Click here to for Video answer

74) Which Test Automation Framework you are using and why?

Cucumber Selenium Framework has now a days become very popular test automation framework in the industry and many companies are using it because its easy to involve business stakeholders and easy to maintain.

For more clarity, check this video – Click here to for Video answer

75) Mention the name of the Framework which you are using currently in your project, explain it in details along with its benefits?

Framework consists of the following tools:

Selenium, Eclipse IDE,Junit, Maven, Cucumber

File Formats Used in the Framework:

Properties file: We use properties file to store and retrieve different application and framework related configuration
Excel files: Excel files are used to pass multiple sets of data to the application.

Following are the key components of the framework:

PageObject : It consists of all different page classes with their objects and methods
TestData: It stores the data files, Script reads test data from external data sources and executes test based on it
Features: It consists of functional test cases in the form of cucumber feature files written in gherkin format
StepDefinitions: It consists of different methods to implement each step of your feature files
TestRunner: It is the starting point for Junit to start executing your tests
Utilities: It consists of different reusable framework methods to perform different operations
Reports: It consists of different test reports in different formats along with screenshots
Pom xml: It consists of all different project dependencies and plugins

1) Explain how you can insert a break point in Selenium IDE?

There are two methods to set breakpoints:

– In the first method,

Right click on the command and select the ‘Toggle Breakpoint’. You can also use shortcut key “B” from the keyboard.

You can set a breakpoint just before the Test Case you want to examine.

After setting breakpoints, click on the Run button to run the test case from the start to the breakpoint.

Repeat the same step to deselect the Breakpoint.

– In the second method,

Select Menu Bar -> ‘Actions’ -> select the Toggle Breakpoint. To deselect repeat the same step.

2) Explain how you can debug the tests in Selenium IDE?

Tests could be debugged by following below steps:

– insert a break point from the location from where you want to execute test step by step

– run the test case

– test case execution will be paused at the given break point

– click on the blue button to continue with the next statement

– to continue executing all the commands at a time click on the “Run” button

3) What are the limitations of Selenium IDE?

– Not suitable for testing extensive data.

– Incapable of handling multiple windows.

– Connections with the database can not be tested.

– Cannot handle the dynamic part of web-based applications.

– Does not support capturing of screenshots on test failures.

– No feature available for generating result reports.

4) What are the two modes of views in Selenium IDE?

Either Selenium IDE can be opened as a pop up window or in side bar

5) In Selenium IDE, what are the element locators that can be used to locate the elements on web page?

– ID

– Name

– Link Text

– CSS Selector

– DOM

– XPATH

6) How can you convert any Selenium IDE tests from Selenese to other other language?

Script can be exported to other programming languages. To change the script format, open “Options” menu, select “Format” command, and then choose one of these programming languages from the menu.

7) Using Selenium IDE, is it possible to get data from a particular HTML table cell?

Verifytext can be used to verify text exist within the table.

8) In Selenium IDE, explain how you can execute a single line?

It can be executed in 2 ways:

– Right click on the command in Selenium IDE and select “Execute This Command”.

– Select the command in Selenium IDE and press “X” key on the keyboard.

9) In which format does the source view show the script in Selenium IDE?

Script is displayed in HTML format

10) Explain, how you can insert a start point in Selenium IDE?

We can insert a start point in the following ways:

– Right click on the command where the start point has to be set and select ‘Set/Clear Start Point’.

– Select the particular command and press ‘s’ or ‘S’ (shortcut key) for the same.

11) What are regular expressions and how you can use them in Selenium IDE?

A regular expression is a sequence of characters that define a search pattern. Usually such patterns are used by string searching algorithms for “find” or “find and replace” operations on strings, or for input validation.

Regular expressions can be used to match different content types on a web page – Links, elements and text.

12) What are core extensions in Selenium IDE?

There are 3 core extensions in Selenium IDE:

– Action: It commands Selenium IDE to perform an action i.e. accessing UI (User Interface) on the web page.

– Assertion: It defines the verifications to be done on the data received from UI after running some commands.

– Location Strategy: It defines a strategy to locate a web element on the Web Page. It could be by name, ID, CSS, tag, XPath, etc.

13) How you will handle switching between multiple windows in Selenium IDE?

The selectWindow | tab=x and selectWindow | title=y commands switch between browser tabs. You can use it with title=(title of tab to be selected) or, often easier, use tab= with number of the tab (e. g 0,1,2,…).

selectWindow | TAB=OPEN | https://newwebsiteURL.com – this opens a new tab and loads the website with the given URL.

14) How you will verify the specific position of an Web Element in Selenium IDE?

Selenium IDE indicates the position of an element by measuring (in pixels) how far it is from the left or top edge of the browser window using the below commands:

verifyElementPositionLeft – verifies if the specified number of pixels match the distance of the element from the left edge of the page.

verifyElementPositionTop – verifies if the specified number of pixels match the distance of the element from the top edge of the page.

15) How you will retrieve the message in an Alert box in Selenium IDE?

We can use the storeAlert command to retrieve the alert message and store it in a variable.

16) Why Selenium RC is preferred over Selenium IDE?

Selenium RC can run tests on multiple browsers but IDE can run tests only in Firefox browser.

17) What is the difference between Selenium RC and Selenium WebDriver?

– WebDriver’s architecture is simpler than Selenium RC’s.

– WebDriver is faster than Selenium RC since it speaks directly to the browser and uses the browser’s own engine to control it.

– WebDriver interacts with page elements in a more realistic way when compared to RC.

– WebDriver’s API is simpler than Selenium RC’s. It does not contain redundant and confusing commands.

– WebDriver can support the headless HtmlUnit browser but RC does not support it.

18) Which language is used in Selenium IDE?

Selenese is the language used to write Selenium Commands.

19) What are Accessors in Selenium IDE?

Accessors are the selenium commands that examine the state of the application and store the results in variables. They are also used to automatically generate Assertions.

Some of the most commonly used Accessors commands include:

– storeTitle: This command gets the title of the current page

– storeText: This command gets the text of an element

– storeValue: This command gets the (whitespace-trimmed) value of an input field

– storeTable: This command gets the text from a cell of a table

– storeLocation: This command gets the absolute URL of the current page

– storeElementIndex: This command gets the relative index of an element to its parent

– storeBodyText: This command gets the entire text of the page

– storeAllButtons: It returns the IDs of all buttons on the page

– storeAllFields: It returns the IDs of all input fields on the page

– storeAllLinks: It returns the IDs of all links on the page

20) Can I control the speed and pause the test executed in Selenium IDE?

We can control the speed of the test by using the set speed command. The pause command is a simple wait command and useful to delay the execution of the automated testing for the specified time.

21) Where do I see the results of Test Execution in Selenium IDE?

Select File -> Export test case results to save result in html report

22) Where do I see the description of commands used in Selenium IDE?

The Reference Pane shows a concise description of the currently selected Selenese command in the Editor. It also shows the description about the locator and value to be used on that command.

23) Can I build test suite using Selenium IDE?

Yes. Selenium IDE can be used to build test suites.

24) What verification points are available in Selenium IDE?

Given below are the mostly used verification commands that help us check if a particular step has passed or failed.

– verifyElementPresent

– assertElementPresent

– verifyElementNotPresent

– assertElementNotPresent

– verifyText

– assertText

– verifyAttribute

– assertAttribute

– verifyChecked

– assertChecked

– verifyAlert

– assertAlert

– verifyTitle

– assertTitle

25) How to set a global base URL for every test case of one test suite file in Selenium IDE?

Set an Environment variable to store the base URL and use it in every test case.

1) Define Selenium?

SELENIUM is a free (open-source) automated testing framework used to validate web applications across different browsers and platforms.

You can use multiple programming languages like Java, C#, Python etc to create Selenium Test Scripts.

2) What are the top Selenium alternatives available for free?

– Robot Framework

– Ranorex

– TestComplete

– Tricentis Tosca

– Soap UI

3) What are different versions of Selenium available you have used and what are the additional features you have seen from the previous versions?

Mostly worked with version 3 but now version 4 is going to be released. Following are additional features which are expected in new version:

– Selenium 4 WebDriver is completely W3C Standardized

– The Selenium IDE support for Chrome is available now

– Improved Selenium Grid

– Better Debugging

– Better Documentation

4) What is the principle difference between a Data-driven framework and a Keyword Driven Framework?

Data driven framework includes different test data sources like flat files, databases or XML but Keyword Driven Framework involves business keywords which represent a feature or user actions.

5) What are the two most common practices for automation testing?

– Identify which test cases can be automated and which cannot be automated.

– Do not rely completely on UI Automation.

6) What is Test Driven Development (TDD) Framework?

Test-driven development (TDD) is a software development process that relies on the repetition of a very short development cycle: requirements are turned into very specific test cases, then the code is improved so that the tests pass.

The following is an sequence of steps which are followed:

– Add a test

– Run all tests and see if it fails

– Write the code

– Run Tests

– Refactor code

– Repeat

7) What is Behavior Driven Development (BDD) Framework?

BDD is a software development process for teams to create simple scenarios on how an application should behave from the end user’s perspective. The goal of implementing BDD testing is to improve collaboration between stakeholders, such as developers, testers, product managers, and business analysts.

8) What are the main traits of a good Software Test Automation framework?

Maintainability, Reliability, Flexibility, Efficiency, Portability, Robustness, and Usability are main attributes of a good automation framework.

9) What are the challenges have you faced with Selenium and how did you overcome them?

– Handling dynamic content: We can use Implicit Wait or Explicit Wait to overcome this challenge

– Handling popup up windows: We can use getWindowHandle and getWindowHandles methods to handle popups.

– Handling alerts: We can use methods provided by Alert interface to handle an alert.

– Handling false positives: We can use different Assertions to look out for false positives.

– Synchronization issues: We can use different wait methods provided by selenium.

– Window based dialogs: We can use AutoIt tool to automate window based dialogs

10) What are the different components of Test Automation Framework?

– Object Repository

– Driver Script

– Test Scripts

– Function Library

– Test data resources

11) What are the benefits does WebDriver have over Selenium RC?

– Webdriver architecture is simpler than RC

– Webdriver is also faster than RC

– WebDriver interacts with page elements in a more realistic way

– WebDriver’s API is simpler than Selenium RC’s

– WebDriver can support the headless HtmlUnit browser but RC cannot

12) Which of the WebDriver APIs is the fastest and why?

HTML Unit Driver is the fastest because it works on a simple HTTP request-response mechanism and doesn’t interact with the browser UI for execution.

13) What is the command to bind a node to Selenium Grid?

driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL(nodeURL),capability);

14) Which of Java. C-Sharp or Ruby can we use with Selenium Grid?

All the languages can be used with Selenium Grid.

15) What are Selenium Grid Extras and the additional features does it add to Selenium Grid?

Selenium Grid Extras is a project that helps you set up and manage your local Selenium Grid. Below are the additional features:

– Killing any browser instance by name

– Stopping any Process by PID

– Moving mouse to specific location

– Get Memory usage and disk statistics

– Automatically upgrade WebDriver binaries

– Restart node after a set number of test executions

– Central storage of configurations for all nodes on the HUB server

– Screenshots at the OS level

16) Explain the concept of Object Repository?

An Object Repository is a map between UI element and its locator. It can also be written as an Object Map between UI element and the way to find it.

17) What is the difference between findElement() and findElements(), its return type and few examples of where you have used in Selenium Projects?

findElement returns only first matching element but findElements returns a list of all matching elements.

Return type for findElement is WebElement while for findElements is List<WebElements>

findElements can be used in a scenario where we want to find all broken links in a webpage.

18) Which method can be used to get the text of an element?

We can use getText() method to get text of any element.

19) How to check which check-box from multiple check-box options is selected previously using Selenium?

isSelected() method is used to know whether the Checkbox is toggled on or off.

20) What is the return type of isSelected() method in Selenium?

Return type is boolean.

21) What are the different methods which can be used to verify the existence of an element on a web page?

– driver.findElements(By.xpath(“value”)).size() != 0

– driver.findElement(By.id(id)).isDisplayed()

– driver.findElement(By.id(id)).isEnabled()

22) What is XPath Axes and what are the different Axes available?

XPath axes search different nodes in XML document from current context node. XPath Axes are the methods used to find dynamic elements.

– following: Selects all elements in the document of the current node

– ancestor: The ancestor axis selects all ancestors element (grandparent, parent, etc.) of the current node

– child: Selects all children elements of the current node

– preceding: Select all nodes that come before the current node

– following-sibling: Select the following siblings of the context node.

– parent: Selects the parent of the current node

– descendant: Selects the descendants of the current node

23) How to fetch an element when its attributes are changing frequently?

We can use different XPath methods like contains(), using or/and, starts-with, text(),ends-with

24) What are the different ways to click on a button using Selenium?

– using click() method

– using return key: sendKeys(Keys.Return)

– using JavaScriptExecutor

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;

js.executeScript(“document.getElementsByName(‘login’)[0].click()”);

– using Actions class

Actions actions = new Actions(driver);

actions.moveToElement(button).click().perform();

25) What are the different types of Exceptions in Selenium?

– NoSuchElementException

– NoSuchWindowException

– NoSuchFrameException

– NoAlertPresentException

– InvalidSelectorException

– ElementNotVisibleException

– ElementNotSelectableException

– TimeoutException

– NoSuchSessionException

– StaleElementReferenceException

1) How to handle Selenium WebDriver Exceptions?

We can handle selenium exceptions by using try catch block methods of Java.

try{

driver.findElement(by.id(“button”)).click();

}

catch(NoSuchElementException e){

System.out.println(“Element not present”);

}

2) There are four browser windows opened and you don’t have any idea where the required element is present. What will be your approach to find that element?

– use getWindowHandles() method to get Window handles of all browser windows

– use switchTo() method to switch to each browser window using the handle id

– Find the element in each browser window and close the window if not present

3) How do you handle an alert pop-up in Selenium?

We can use the following methods to handle an alert in Selenium:

dismiss()

driver.switchTo().alert().dismiss();

accept()

driver.switchTo().alert().accept();

4) How do you retrieve the text displayed on an Alert?

String text = driver.switchTo().alert().getText();

5) How do you type text into the text box on an Alert?

driver.switchTo().alert().sendKeys(“Text”);

6) Is Alert in Selenium an Interface or Class?

Alert is an interface in Selenium.

7) How do you handle frames in Selenium?

We can switch to frames by following methods:

– By Index

driver.switchTo().frame(0);

– By Name or Id

driver.switchTo().frame(“id of the element”);

– By Web Element

driver.switchTo().frame(WebElement);

8) Give an example for method overloading concept that you have used in Selenium?

Implicit Wait in Selenium use method overloading as we can provide different Timestamp or TimeUnit like SECONDS, MINUTES, etc.

9) How do you select a value from a drop-down field and what are the different methods available?

We can select value from drop-down using methods of Select class. Following are the methods:

– selectByVisibleText

– selectByValue

– selectByIndex

Select elements = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id(“button”));

elements.selectByVisibleText(“Selenium”);

elements.selectByIndex(1);

10) When your XPath is matching more than one element, how do you handle it to locate the required element?

We can use index of the element to locate it or we can use different Xpath axes methods to locate the element like Following, Ancestor, Child, Preceding or Following-sibling

11) How do you capture screen-shots in Selenium and what is the best place to have the screen-shot code?

//Convert web driver object to TakeScreenshot

TakesScreenshot scrShot =((TakesScreenshot)webdriver);

//Call getScreenshotAs method to create image file

File SrcFile=scrShot.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

//Move image file to new destination

File DestFile=new File(fileWithPath);

//Copy file at destination

FileUtils.copyFile(SrcFile, DestFile);

12) Write the code for connecting to Excel files and other operations?

XSSFWorkbook srcBook = new XSSFWorkbook(“Demo.xlsx”);

XSSFSheet sourceSheet = srcBook.getSheetAt(0);

int rownum=rowcounter;

XSSFRow sourceRow = sourceSheet.getRow(rownum);

XSSFCell cell1=sourceRow.getCell(0);

13) How do you read and write into a PDF file?

BufferedInputStream file = new BufferedInputStream(“Path of PDF file”);

PDFParser pdf = new PDFParser(file);

pdf.parse();

String text = new PDFTestStripper().getText(pdf.getPDDocument());

14) What are the disadvantages of Selenium?

– It supports only web applications and cannot automate desktop applications

– No default reporting mechanism

– No default object repository

– Cannot automate captcha

15) How do you debug your automation code when it is not working as expected?

– Add breakpoints on the lines of code where it is not working

– Run code in debugging mode

– Use different actions like F7(Step Into), F8(Step Over), F9(Step Out) to debug the problem

16) What are the end methods you use for verifying whether the end result is achieved by our Selenium automation scripts?

We can use different assertion methods available in different test frameworks like TestNG or Junit.

17) How do you clear the cookies of a browser using Selenium, before starting the execution?

driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

18) How do you implement collections in your framework?

Collections can be used in framework in situations where you have to store large number of objects. For example, findElements() method returns a list of all matching elements.

19) Give a scenario where inheritance is used in your framework?

We create a Base Class in the Framework to initialize WebDriver interface, WebDriver waits, Property files, Excels, etc., in the Base Class. We extend the Base Class in other classes such as Tests and Utility Class.

20) Give a scenario where interface is used in your framework?

WebDriver is an interface and when we create an instance of the driver object to use its different methods.

21) Write a code using JavascriptExecutor to scroll the web page?

//This will scroll the web page till end.

js.executeScript(“window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight)”);

22) What is the use of property file in Selenium?

Property file can be used to store the different web elements of an application or to store all the different application, framework configurations.

23) How do you handle multiple browsers selection in Selenium?

We can select different browsers in Selenium using TestNG framework.

24) What do you use for reporting in your Selenium Project?

We can use the default TestNG or Cucumber report. We can also use different reporting libraries like Extent reports.

25) How Cross Browser testing is handled in Selenium?

@BeforeTest

@Parameters(“browser”)

public void setup(String browser) throws Exception{

//Check if parameter passed from TestNG is ‘firefox’

if(browser.equalsIgnoreCase(“firefox”)){

//create firefox instance

System.setProperty(“webdriver.gecko.driver”, “.\\geckodriver.exe”);

driver = new FirefoxDriver();

}

//Check if parameter passed as ‘chrome’

else if(browser.equalsIgnoreCase(“chrome”)){

//set path to chromedriver.exe

System.setProperty(“webdriver.chrome.driver”,”.\\chromedriver.exe”);

//create chrome instance

driver = new ChromeDriver();

}

testng.xml:

<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”UTF-8″?>

<!DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM “http://testng.org/testng-1.0.dtd“>

<suite name=”TestSuite” thread-count=”2″ parallel=”tests” >

<test name=”ChromeTest”>

<parameter name=”browser” value=”Chrome” />

<classes>

<class name=”com.qascript.crossbrowsertests”>

</class>

</classes>

</test>

<test name=”FirefoxTest”>

<parameter name=”browser” value=”Firefox” />

<classes>

<class name=”com.qascript.crossbrowsertests”>

</class>

</classes>

</test>

</suite>

1) Can Selenium automate Client Server applications?

No Selenium cannot automate Client Server applications but there are other tools like Winium and AutoIt which can be used

to automate desktop applications.

2) What are the limitations of Selenium WebDriver?

– It supports Web based applications only

– Limited reporting capabilities

– Handling captcha

3) Tell me about the Selenium WebDriver architecture?

WebDriver is made of following components:

– Language Bindings

– JSON Wire Protocol

– Browser Drivers

– Real Browsers

When a test script is executed with the help of WebDriver, the following tasks are performed in the background:

– An HTTP request is generated and it is delivered to the browser driver for every Selenium Command.

– The HTTP request is received by the driver through an HTTP server.

– All the steps/instructions to be executed on the browser is decided by an HTTP server.

– The HTTP server then receives the execution status and in turn sends it back to the automation scripts.